MOOD:

Mood: is the grammatical expression of the speaker’s purported attitude toward what he or she is saying.

5 Moods of English:

Statements ---> Indicative Mood. (She is a beautiful woman)

Commands ---> Imperative Mood. (Be quiet! Come in! Get washed! Get lost!)

Questions ---> Interrogative Mood. (Are you a student?)

Exclamations ---> Exclamatory Mood. (Oh! My God! Wow!)

Sentences expressing unreal, hypothetical, or desire situations---> Subjunctive Mood. (if I were you, I would be rich; She insisted that he take the dog for a walk)

Imperative Mood:

o V: Stop!

o V + C: Be quiet!

o V + O + A: Put the gun on the floor.

o Passive: Get washed!

o Negative: Don’t be silly!

o Question: Would you mind closing the door? Will you turn on the light? Be quiet, will you?

o Politeness: Give me your keys, please! Please tell me your problems!

o To 2nd person: You mind your own business, and leave it to me! You be quiet! You come here, Jack!

o To 3rd person: Somebody open this door! Everybody shut their eyes. Jack and Susan stand over there.

o Vocative noun: MARY, play on MY side. Play on MY side, MARY.

o Subject confirmation: JOHN, you listen to ME!

o To 1st person: Let me have a look. Let us all work hard. Let’s sing a song.

o Persuasive and Insistent Imperatives: Add ‘DO’ before main verb: Do have some more rice. Do let’s go to the movies.

The Subjunctive: Sentences expressing unreal, hypothetical, or desire situations. Your purport attitude is favorable about the future situation encoded in the sentence.

(1) The mandatory Subjunctive:

That-clause only has one form: That + S + V(bare infinitive) or that + S + should + V(bare inf.)

A list of verbs which can be followed by a that-clause containing a subjunctive:

Advise, agree, ask, beg, command, decree, demand, direct, insist, intend, order, plead (cãi), pray, prefer, propose, recommend, request, rule, stipulate (quy định, đặt điều kiện), suggest, urge.

(2) Formulaic Subjunctive: also consists of the base verb but is only used in clauses in certain set expression which have to be learned as wholes:

Come what may, we will go ahead.

God save the Queen!

Suffice it to say that… (chỉ cần nói rằng…)

Be that as it may…

Heaven forbid that…

(3) WERE: the subjunctive WERE is hypothetical (giả thuyết) in meaning and is used in conditional and concessive clauses in subordinate clauses after Optative verbs like WISH.

- I wish I were dead.

- He spoke to me as if I were deaf.

Inversion: Had I enough money, I’d go overseas (If I had enough money, I would go overseas)